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Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn
The Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn ((ラテン語:Ordo Hermeticus Aurorae Aureae); or, more commonly, The Golden Dawn (''Aurora Aureae'')) was an organization devoted to the study and practice of the occult, metaphysics, and paranormal activities during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Known as a magical order, the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn was active in Great Britain and focused its practices on theurgy and spiritual development. Many present-day concepts of ritual and magic that are at the centre of contemporary traditions, such as Wicca〔Colquhoun, Ithell (1975) ''The Sword of Wisdom: MacGregor Mathers & the Golden Dawn''. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons.〕〔Phillips, Julia (1991) (''History of Wicca in England: 1939 - present day'' ). Lecture at the Wiccan Conference in Canberra, 1991.〕 and Thelema, were inspired by the Golden Dawn, which became one of the largest single influences on 20th-century Western occultism.〔Jenkins, Phillip (2000) ''Mystics and Messiahs: Cults and New Religions in American History'', pg. 74. "Also in the 1880s, the tradition of ritual magic was revived in London by a group of Masonic adepts, who formed the Order of the Golden Dawn, which would prove an incalculable influence on the whole subsequent history of occultism." USA: Oxford University Press.〕〔Smoley, Richard (1999) ''Hidden Wisdom: A Guide to the Western Inner Traditions'', ppg 102-103. "Founded in 1888, the Golden Dawn lasted a mere twelve years before it was shattered by personal conflicts. At its height it probably had no more than a hundred members. Yet its influence on magic and esoteric thought in the English-speaking world would be hard to overestimate." USA: Quest Books.〕
The three founders, William Robert Woodman, William Wynn Westcott, and Samuel Liddell MacGregor Mathers, were Freemasons and members of Societas Rosicruciana in Anglia (S.R.I.A.).〔Regardie, 1993, page 10〕 Westcott appears to have been the initial driving force behind the establishment of the Golden Dawn.
The Golden Dawn system was based on hierarchy and initiation like the Masonic Lodges; however women were admitted on an equal basis with men. The "Golden Dawn" was the first of three Orders, although all three are often collectively referred to as the "Golden Dawn". The First Order taught esoteric philosophy based on the Hermetic Qabalah and personal development through study and awareness of the four Classical Elements as well as the basics of astrology, tarot divination, and geomancy. The Second or "Inner" Order, the ''Rosae Rubeae et Aureae Crucis'' (the Ruby Rose and Cross of Gold), taught proper magic, including scrying, astral travel, and alchemy. The Third Order was that of the "Secret Chiefs", who were said to be highly skilled; they supposedly directed the activities of the lower two orders by spirit communication with the Chiefs of the Second Order.
==Influences==
Influences on Golden Dawn concepts and work include: Christian mysticism, Qabalah, Hermeticism, Ancient Egyptian religion, Theurgy, Freemasonry, Alchemy, Theosophy, Astrology, Eliphas Levi, Papus, John Dee & Edward Kelly, Enochian magic, and Renaissance grimoires, as well as Anna Kingsford & Frederick Hockley.
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